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Journal articles, preprints, and working papers

802 sources. Peer-reviewed studies, meta-analyses, preprints, and working papers behind the factor pages and the rated actions. Open a subgroup to see its sources.

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Biological (196)
  1. Maruyama, S., & Heinesen, E. (2020). Another look at returns to birthweight. Journal of Health Economics, 70, 102269. DOI A Strong: for mortality counts, B for causal estimates
  2. Uyoga, S., Macharia, A. W., Mochamah, G., et al. (2019). The epidemiology of sickle cell disease in children recruited in infancy in Kilifi, Kenya: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Global Health, 7(10), e1458-e1466. DOI30328-6) A Strong
  3. Van Dongen, H. P. A., Maislin, G., Mullington, J. M., & Dinges, D. F. (2003). The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness. Sleep, 26(2), 117-126. DOI A Strong
  4. Bharadwaj, P., Lundborg, P., & Rooth, D.-O. (2018). Birth weight in the long run. Journal of Human Resources, 53(1), 189-231. JHR B Moderate
  5. Black, S. E., Devereux, P. J., & Salvanes, K. G. (2007). From the cradle to the labor market? The effect of birth weight on adult outcomes. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(1), 409-439. DOI B Moderate: strong for health effects, contested for IQ and earnings
  6. Felitti, V. J., et al. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245-258. DOI00017-8) B Moderate
  7. GBD 2021 Sickle Cell Disease Collaborators (2023). Global, regional, and national prevalence and mortality burden of sickle cell disease, 2000-2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Haematology, 10(8), e585-e599. DOI00118-7) B Moderate
  8. Heitzer, A. M., Hamilton, L., Stafford, C., Gossett, J., Ouellette, L., Trpchevska, A., King, A. A., Kang, G., & Hankins, J. S. (2021). Academic performance of children with sickle cell disease in the United States: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neurology, 12, 786065. DOI B Moderate
  9. Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., et al. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health, 2(8), e356-e366. DOI30118-4) B Moderate
  10. Lawn, J. E., Ohuma, E. O., Bradley, E., et al. (2023). Small babies, big risks: global estimates of prevalence and mortality for vulnerable newborns to accelerate change and improve counting. Lancet, 401(10389), 1707-1719. DOI00522-6) B Moderate
  11. Okwaraji, Y. B., Krasevec, J., Bradley, E., et al. (2024). National, regional, and global estimates of low birthweight in 2020, with trends from 2000: a systematic analysis. Lancet, 403(10431), 1071-1080. Lancet01198-4/fulltext) B Moderate
  12. Prussien, K. V., et al. (2020). Correlates of cognitive function in sickle cell disease: a meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 45(2), 145-155. DOI B Moderate: for the association, C for any causal reading
  13. Royer, H. (2009). Separated at girth: US twin estimates of the effects of birth weight. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 1(1), 49-85. AEA B Moderate
  14. Shonkoff, J. P., & Garner, A. S. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), e232-e246. DOI B Moderate: for adversity harming health and learning, C for effects on specific brain regions
  15. Silins, E., Horwood, L. J., Patton, G. C., et al. (2014). Young adult sequelae of adolescent cannabis use: an integrative analysis. Lancet Psychiatry, 1(4), 286-293. DOI B Moderate: for the association, C for causation
  16. Victora, C. G., Adair, L., Fall, C., et al. (2008). Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital. Lancet, 371(9609), 340-357. DOI61692-4) B Moderate
  17. Grosse, S. D., Odame, I., Atrash, H. K., Amendah, D. D., Piel, F. B., & Williams, T. N. (2011). Sickle cell disease in Africa: a neglected cause of early childhood mortality. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(6 Suppl 4), S398-S405. DOI C Limited
  18. Hoppen, T. H., Wessarges, L., Jehn, M., Mutz, J., Kip, A., Schlechter, P., Meiser-Stedman, R., & Morina, N. (2025). Psychological interventions for pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 82(2), 130-141. link A Strong
  19. Andrew, A., Attanasio, O., Fitzsimons, E., Grantham-McGregor, S., Meghir, C., & Rubio-Codina, M. (2018). Impacts 2 years after a scalable early childhood development intervention to increase psychosocial stimulation in the home: A follow-up of a cluster randomised controlled trial in Colombia. PLOS Medicine, 15(4), e1002556. link B Moderate
  20. Bernard, K., Dozier, M., Bick, J., & Gordon, M. K. (2015). Intervening to enhance cortisol regulation among children at risk for neglect: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Development and Psychopathology, 27(3), 829-841. link B Moderate
  21. Cipriano, C., Strambler, M. J., Naples, L. H., Ha, C., Kirk, M., Wood, M., Sehgal, K., Zieher, A. K., Eveleigh, A., McCarthy, M., Funaro, M., Ponnock, A., Chow, J. C., & Durlak, J. (2023). The state of evidence for social and emotional learning: A contemporary meta-analysis of universal school-based SEL interventions. Child Development, 94(5), 1181-1204. link B Moderate
  22. Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students' social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82(1), 405-432. link B Moderate
  23. Gertler, P., Heckman, J., Pinto, R., Zanolini, A., Vermeersch, C., Walker, S., Chang, S. M., & Grantham-McGregor, S. (2014). Labor market returns to an early childhood stimulation intervention in Jamaica. Science, 344(6187), 998-1001. link B Moderate
  24. Menting, A. T. A., Orobio de Castro, B., & Matthys, W. (2013). Effectiveness of the Incredible Years parent training to modify disruptive and prosocial child behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(8), 901-913. link B Moderate
  25. Miller, S., Rhodes, E., Bartik, A. W., Broockman, D. E., Krause, P. K., & Vivalt, E. (2024, revised 2026). Does income affect health? Evidence from a randomized controlled trial of a guaranteed income (NBER Working Paper No. 32711). National Bureau of Economic Research. link B Moderate
  26. Noble, K., Magnuson, K., Duncan, G., Gennetian, L. A., Yoshikawa, H., Fox, N. A., et al. (2025). The effect of a monthly unconditional cash transfer on children's development at four years of age: A randomized controlled trial in the U.S. (NBER Working Paper No. 33844). National Bureau of Economic Research. link B Moderate
  27. Sarafoglou, K., Kim, M. S., Lodish, M., Felner, E. I., Martinerie, L., Nokoff, N. J., et al. (2024). Phase 3 trial of crinecerfont in pediatric congenital adrenal hyperplasia. New England Journal of Medicine, 391(6), 493-503. link B Moderate
  28. Spierling, S. R., & Zorrilla, E. P. (2017). Don't stress about CRF: Assessing the translational failures of CRF1 antagonists. Psychopharmacology, 234(9-10), 1467-1481. link B Moderate
  29. Troller-Renfree, S. V., Costanzo, M. A., Duncan, G. J., Magnuson, K., Gennetian, L. A., Yoshikawa, H., et al. (2026). The impact of a monthly unconditional cash transfer on child brain activity: A 4-year follow-up. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 78, 101673. link B Moderate
  30. van IJzendoorn, M. H., Schuengel, C., Wang, Q., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2023). Improving parenting, child attachment, and externalizing behaviors: Meta-analysis of the first 25 randomized controlled trials on the effects of Video-feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline. Development and Psychopathology, 35(1), 241-256. link B Moderate
  31. Attanasio, O. P., Fernández, C., Fitzsimons, E. O. A., Grantham-McGregor, S. M., Meghir, C., & Rubio-Codina, M. (2014). Using the infrastructure of a conditional cash transfer program to deliver a scalable integrated early child development program in Colombia: Cluster randomized controlled trial. BMJ, 349, g5785. link C Limited: for lasting benefit, B for the end-of-program effect
  32. Khoury, J. E., Bosquet Enlow, M., Plamondon, A., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2019). The association between adversity and hair cortisol levels in humans: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 103, 104-117. link C Limited
  33. Stalder, T., Steudte-Schmiedgen, S., Alexander, N., Klucken, T., Vater, A., Wichmann, S., et al. (2017). Stress-related and basic determinants of hair cortisol in humans: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 77, 261-274. link C Limited
  34. Troller-Renfree, S. V., Costanzo, M. A., Duncan, G. J., Magnuson, K., Gennetian, L. A., Yoshikawa, H., Halpern-Meekin, S., Fox, N. A., & Noble, K. G. (2022). The impact of a poverty reduction intervention on infant brain activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(5), e2115649119. link D Contested: (contested)
  35. Baldwin, J. R., Caspi, A., Meehan, A. J., Ambler, A., Arseneault, L., Fisher, H. L., et al. (2021). Population vs individual prediction of poor health from results of adverse childhood experiences screening. JAMA Pediatrics, 175(4), 385-393. link A Strong
  36. Gubbels, J., van der Put, C. E., Stams, G. J. J. M., Prinzie, P. J., & Assink, M. (2021). Components associated with the effect of home visiting programs on child maltreatment: A meta-analytic review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 114, 104981. link A Strong
  37. Anda, R. F., Porter, L. E., & Brown, D. W. (2020). Inside the adverse childhood experience score: Strengths, limitations, and misapplications. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 59(2), 293-295. link B Moderate
  38. Bovell-Ammon, A., McCann, N. C., Mulugeta, M., Ettinger de Cuba, S., Raifman, J., & Shafer, P. (2022). Association of the expiration of child tax credit advance payments with food insufficiency in US households. JAMA Network Open, 5(10), e2234438. link B Moderate
  39. Bullinger, L. R., Packham, A., & Raissian, K. M. (2023). Effects of universal and unconditional cash transfers on child abuse and neglect (NBER Working Paper No. 31733). National Bureau of Economic Research. link B Moderate
  40. Chouldechova, A., Benavides-Prado, D., Fialko, O., & Vaithianathan, R. (2018). A case study of algorithm-assisted decision making in child maltreatment hotline screening decisions. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 81, 134-148. link B Moderate
  41. Cluver, L. D., Meinck, F., Steinert, J. I., Shenderovich, Y., Doubt, J., Herrero Romero, R., et al. (2018). Parenting for Lifelong Health: A pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial of a non-commercialised parenting programme for adolescents and their families in South Africa. BMJ Global Health, 3(1), e000539. link B Moderate
  42. Devries, K. M., Knight, L., Child, J. C., Mirembe, A., Nakuti, J., Jones, R., et al. (2015). The Good School Toolkit for reducing physical violence from school staff to primary school students: A cluster-randomised controlled trial in Uganda. The Lancet Global Health, 3(7), e378-e386. link B Moderate
  43. Duncan, G. J., Magnuson, K., Kunin-Batson, A. S., Yoshikawa, H., Fox, N. A., Halpern-Meekin, S., et al. (2025). Cash transfers and their effect on maternal and young children's health: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 179(8), 867-875. link B Moderate
  44. Gerchick, M., Jegede, T., Shah, T., Gutierrez, A., Beiers, S., Shemtov, N., et al. (2023). The devil is in the details: Interrogating values embedded in the Allegheny Family Screening Tool. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (pp. 1292-1310). Association for Computing Machinery. link B Moderate
  45. Heller, S. B., Shah, A. K., Guryan, J., Ludwig, J., Mullainathan, S., & Pollack, H. A. (2017). Thinking, fast and slow? Some field experiments to reduce crime and dropout in Chicago. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 132(1), 1-54. link B Moderate
  46. Kovski, N. L., Hill, H. D., Mooney, S. J., Rivara, F. P., & Rowhani-Rahbar, A. (2022). Short-term effects of tax credits on rates of child maltreatment reports in the United States. Pediatrics, 150(1), e2021054939. link B Moderate
  47. McConnell, M. A., Rokicki, S., Ayers, S., Allouch, F., Perreault, N., Gourevitch, R. A., et al. (2022). Effect of an intensive nurse home visiting program on adverse birth outcomes in a Medicaid-eligible population: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 328(1), 27-37. link B Moderate
  48. Olds, D. L., Eckenrode, J., Henderson, C. R., Jr., Kitzman, H., Powers, J., Cole, R., Sidora, K., Morris, P., Pettitt, L. M., & Luckey, D. (1997). Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect: Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial. JAMA, 278(8), 637-643. link B Moderate
  49. Raissian, K. M., & Bullinger, L. R. (2017). Money matters: Does the minimum wage affect child maltreatment rates? Children and Youth Services Review, 72, 60-70. link B Moderate
  50. Robling, M., Bekkers, M.-J., Bell, K., Butler, C. C., Cannings-John, R., Channon, S., et al. (2016). Effectiveness of a nurse-led intensive home-visitation programme for first-time teenage mothers (Building Blocks): A pragmatic randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 387(10014), 146-155. link B Moderate
  51. Shafer, P. R., Gutiérrez, K. M., Ettinger de Cuba, S., Bovell-Ammon, A., & Raifman, J. (2022). Association of the implementation of child tax credit advance payments with food insufficiency in US households. JAMA Network Open, 5(1), e2143296. link B Moderate
  52. Swanson, K., Ayers, S., Oviedo, D., Zhou, R. A., Bates, M. A., Baicker, K., Chien, A. T., & McConnell, M. (2025). Intensive nurse home visiting and early childhood outcomes: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 179(8), 857-866. link B Moderate
  53. Wilson, P., Rush, R., Hussey, S., Puckering, C., Sim, F., Allely, C. S., Doku, P., McConnachie, A., & Gillberg, C. (2012). How evidence-based is an "evidence-based parenting program"? A PRISMA systematic review and meta-analysis of Triple P. BMC Medicine, 10, 130. link B Moderate
  54. Goodman, W. B., Dodge, K. A., Bai, Y., Murphy, R. A., & O'Donnell, K. (2021). Effect of a universal postpartum nurse home visiting program on child maltreatment and emergency medical care at 5 years of age: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open, 4(7), e2116024. link C Limited
  55. Raffington, L., Willems, Y. E., Sperber, J. F., Zarandooz, S., Costanzo, M. A., Notterman, D. A., et al. (2026). Effects of a randomized controlled trial of unconditional cash transfers on epigenetic measures of ageing and cognition in children and mothers. Nature Human Behaviour. Advance online publication. link C Limited
  56. Conde-Agudelo, A., & Díaz-Rossello, J. L. (2016). Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016(8), CD002771. link A Strong
  57. Freijah, I., Jones, K. A., Coleman, T., Perlen, S. M., Kennedy, M., Passey, M. E., et al. (2026). Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2026(4), CD001055. link A Strong: for abstinence, B for low birth weight
  58. Kayentao, K., Garner, P., van Eijk, A. M., Naidoo, I., Roper, C., Mulokozi, A., et al. (2013). Intermittent preventive therapy for malaria during pregnancy using 2 vs 3 or more doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and risk of low birth weight in Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 309(6), 594-604. link A Strong
  59. Keats, E. C., Haider, B. A., Tam, E., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2019). Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2019(3), CD004905. link A Strong
  60. McGoldrick, E., Stewart, F., Parker, R., & Dalziel, S. R. (2020). Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2020(12), CD004454. link A Strong
  61. Suzuki, D., Yamaji, N., Nishimura, E., Suzuki, H., Ishikawa, K., Rahman, M. O., et al. (2025). Effects of antibiotic prophylaxis during labour on maternal and neonatal outcomes in women planning vaginal birth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2025(8), CD016211. link A Strong
  62. Althabe, F., Belizán, J. M., McClure, E. M., Hemingway-Foday, J., Berrueta, M., Mazzoni, A., et al. (2015). A population-based, multifaceted strategy to implement antenatal corticosteroid treatment versus standard care for the reduction of neonatal mortality due to preterm birth in low-income and middle-income countries: The ACT cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet, 385(9968), 629-639. link (online October 2014) B Moderate
  63. Dieussaert, I., Hyung Kim, J., Luik, S., Seidl, C., Pu, W., Stegmann, J.-U., et al. (2024). RSV prefusion F protein-based maternal vaccine: Preterm birth and other outcomes. New England Journal of Medicine, 390(11), 1009-1021. link B Moderate
  64. Dowswell, T., Carroli, G., Duley, L., Gates, S., Gülmezoglu, A. M., Khan-Neelofur, D., & Piaggio, G. (2015). Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low-risk pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015(7), CD000934. link B Moderate
  65. Gamble, C., Ekwaru, J. P., & ter Kuile, F. O. (2006). Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2006(2), CD003755. link B Moderate
  66. Hoffman, M. K., Goudar, S. S., Kodkany, B. S., Metgud, M., Somannavar, M., Okitawutshu, J., et al. (2020). Low-dose aspirin for the prevention of preterm delivery in nulliparous women with a singleton pregnancy (ASPIRIN): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 395(10220), 285-293. link B Moderate
  67. Hofmeyr, G. J., Black, R. E., Rogozińska, E., Heuer, A., Walker, N., Ashorn, P., et al. (2023). Evidence-based antenatal interventions to reduce the incidence of small vulnerable newborns and their associated poor outcomes. The Lancet, 401(10389), 1733-1744. link B Moderate
  68. Kampmann, B., Madhi, S. A., Munjal, I., Simões, E. A. F., Pahud, B. A., Llapur, C., et al. (2023). Bivalent prefusion F vaccine in pregnancy to prevent RSV illness in infants. New England Journal of Medicine, 388(16), 1451-1464. link B Moderate
  69. Kashi, B., Godin, C. M., Kurzawa, Z. A., Verney, A. M. J., Busch-Hallen, J. F., & De-Regil, L. M. (2019). Multiple micronutrient supplements are more cost-effective than iron and folic acid: Modeling results from 3 high-burden Asian countries. The Journal of Nutrition, 149(7), 1222-1229. link B Moderate
  70. Madanitsa, M., Barsosio, H. C., Minja, D. T. R., Mtove, G., Kavishe, R. A., Dodd, J., et al. (2023). Effect of monthly intermittent preventive treatment with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine with and without azithromycin versus monthly sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine on adverse pregnancy outcomes in Africa: A double-blind randomised, partly placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 401(10381), 1020-1036. link B Moderate
  71. Ota, E., Hori, H., Mori, R., Tobe-Gai, R., & Farrar, D. (2015). Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015(6), CD000032. link B Moderate
  72. Pasricha, S.-R., Mwangi, M. N., Moya, E., Ataide, R., Mzembe, G., Harding, R., et al. (2023). Ferric carboxymaltose versus standard-of-care oral iron to treat second-trimester anaemia in Malawian pregnant women: A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 401(10388), 1595-1609. link B Moderate
  73. Pokaprakarn, T., Prieto, J. C., Price, J. T., Kasaro, M. P., Sindano, N., Shah, H. R., et al. (2022). AI estimation of gestational age from blind ultrasound sweeps in low-resource settings. NEJM Evidence, 1(5), EVIDoa2100058. link B Moderate
  74. Sazawal, S., et al. (2016). Efficacy of chlorhexidine application to umbilical cord on neonatal mortality in Pemba, Tanzania: A community-based randomised controlled trial. Lancet Global Health, 4(11), e837-e844. link B Moderate
  75. Semrau, K. E. A., et al. (2016). Effectiveness of 4% chlorhexidine umbilical cord care on neonatal mortality in Southern Province, Zambia (ZamCAT): A cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet Global Health, 4(11), e827-e836. link B Moderate
  76. Sinha, A., Sazawal, S., Pradhan, A., Ramji, S., & Opiyo, N. (2015). Chlorhexidine skin or cord care for prevention of mortality and infections in neonates. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015(3), CD007835. link B Moderate: for South Asia, D if applied to sub-Saharan Africa
  77. Stringer, J. S. A., Pokaprakarn, T., Prieto, J. C., Vwalika, B., Chari, S. V., Sindano, N., et al. (2024). Diagnostic accuracy of an integrated AI tool to estimate gestational age from blind ultrasound sweeps. JAMA, 332(8), 649-657. link B Moderate
  78. Tita, A. T. N., Carlo, W. A., McClure, E. M., Mwenechanya, M., Chomba, E., Hemingway-Foday, J. J., et al. (2023). Azithromycin to prevent sepsis or death in women planning a vaginal birth. New England Journal of Medicine, 388(13), 1161-1170. link B Moderate
  79. Tumukunde, V., Medvedev, M. M., Tann, C. J., et al. (2024). Effectiveness of kangaroo mother care before clinical stabilisation versus standard care among neonates at five hospitals in Uganda (OMWaNA): A parallel-group, individually randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation. The Lancet, 403(10443), 2520-2532. link B Moderate
  80. WHO ACTION Trials Collaborators (Oladapo, O. T., Vogel, J. P., Piaggio, G., Nguyen, M. H., Althabe, F., Gülmezoglu, A. M., et al.). (2020). Antenatal dexamethasone for early preterm birth in low-resource countries. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(26), 2514-2525. link B Moderate
  81. WHO Immediate KMC Study Group (Arya, S., Naburi, H., Kawaza, K., Newton, S., Anyabolu, C. H., Bergman, N., et al.). (2021). Immediate "kangaroo mother care" and survival of infants with low birth weight. New England Journal of Medicine, 384(21), 2028-2038. link B Moderate
  82. Willis, A., Lee, C., Krogue, J., Wickramanayake, A., Young-Lin, N., Caron, S., et al. (2026). Generalization of AI-based gestational age assessment using blind sweep ultrasonography. JAMA Network Open, 9(7), e2622484. link B Moderate
  83. Yan, X., Zheng, W., Wang, J., Yuan, X., & Li, G. (2024). Low-dose aspirin for the prevention of preterm birth in nulliparous women: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 24(1), 260. link B Moderate
  84. Partridge, E. A., Davey, M. G., Hornick, M. A., McGovern, P. E., Mejaddam, A. Y., Vrecenak, J. D., et al. (2017). An extra-uterine system to physiologically support the extreme premature lamb. Nature Communications, 8, 15112. link C Limited: B for lambs
  85. Abdullahi, S. U., Jibir, B. W., Bello-Manga, H., Gambo, S., Inuwa, H., Tijjani, A. G., et al. (2022). Hydroxyurea for primary stroke prevention in children with sickle cell anaemia in Nigeria (SPRING): A double-blind, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial. The Lancet Haematology, 9(1), e26-e37. link B Moderate
  86. Adams, R. J., McKie, V. C., Hsu, L., Files, B., Vichinsky, E., Pegelow, C., et al. (1998). Prevention of a first stroke by transfusions in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal results on transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. New England Journal of Medicine, 339(1), 5-11. link B Moderate
  87. Arrigoni, M., Zwaveling-Soonawala, N., LaFranchi, S. H., van Trotsenburg, A. S. P., & Mooij, C. F. (2025). Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism: Worldwide coverage 50 years after its start. European Thyroid Journal, 14(1), e240327. link B Moderate
  88. Ceyhan-Birsoy, O., Murry, J. B., Machini, K., Lebo, M. S., Yu, T. W., Fayer, S., et al. (2019). Interpretation of genomic sequencing results in healthy and ill newborns: Results from the BabySeq Project. American Journal of Human Genetics, 104(1), 76-93. link B Moderate
  89. Christopher, H., Josephat, E., Kaywanga, F., Saul, S., Mshana, I., Kunambi, P., et al. (2022). Potential of point of care tests for newborn screening for sickle cell disease: Evaluation of HemotypeSC™ and sickle SCAN® in Tanzania. International Journal of Laboratory Hematology, 44(5), 959-965. link B Moderate
  90. Ford, G., & LaFranchi, S. H. (2014). Screening for congenital hypothyroidism: A worldwide view of strategies. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 28(2), 175-187. link B Moderate: (raised from C on October 7, 2026, because the 2025 update confirms the estimate)
  91. Frangoul, H., Locatelli, F., Sharma, A., Bhatia, M., Mapara, M., Molinari, L., et al. (2024). Exagamglogene autotemcel for severe sickle cell disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 390(18), 1649-1662. link B Moderate
  92. Gaston, M. H., Verter, J. I., Woods, G., Pegelow, C., Kelleher, J., Presbury, G., et al. (1986). Prophylaxis with oral penicillin in children with sickle cell anemia: A randomized trial. New England Journal of Medicine, 314(25), 1593-1599. link B Moderate
  93. Hadipour Dehshal, M., Tabrizi Namini, M., Ahmadvand, A., Manshadi, M., Sadeghian Varnosfaderani, F., & Abolghasemi, H. (2014). Evaluation of the national prevention program in Iran, 2007-2009: The accomplishments and challenges with reflections on the path ahead. Hemoglobin, 38(3), 179-187. link B Moderate
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Economic (41)
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Societal (53)
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Cultural (51)
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Educational (38)
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  32. Glewwe, P., Kremer, M., & Moulin, S. (2009). Many children left behind? Textbooks and test scores in Kenya. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 1(1), 112-135. link B Moderate
  33. Pritchett, L., & Beatty, A. (2015). Slow down, you're going too fast: Matching curricula to student skill levels. International Journal of Educational Development, 40, 276-288. link C Limited
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Technological (35)
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  2. Cueto, S., Beuermann, D. W., Cristia, J., Malamud, O., & Pardo, F. (2025). Laptops in the long run: evidence from the One Laptop per Child program in rural Peru. Journal of Public Economics, 252, 105538. DOI A Strong
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  6. Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146-1151. DOI B Moderate
  7. Muralidharan, K., Singh, A., & Ganimian, A. J. (2019). Disrupting education? Experimental evidence on technology-aided instruction in India. American Economic Review, 109(4), 1426-1460. AEA C Limited: B for the students studied
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  18. Hvide, H. K., & Jones, B. F. (2018). University innovation and the professor's privilege. American Economic Review, 108(7), 1860-1898. link B Moderate
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  20. Escueta, M., Quan, V., Nickow, A. J., & Oreopoulos, P. (2017). Education technology: An evidence-based review (NBER Working Paper No. 23744). National Bureau of Economic Research. link B Moderate
  21. Hanna, R., Duflo, E., & Greenstone, M. (2016). Up in smoke: The influence of household behavior on the long-run impact of improved cooking stoves. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 8(1), 80-114. link B Moderate
  22. Piper, B., Zuilkowski, S. S., Kwayumba, D., & Strigel, C. (2016). Does technology improve reading outcomes? Comparing the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of ICT interventions for early grade reading in Kenya. International Journal of Educational Development, 49, 204-214. link B Moderate
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  24. Martel, C., & Rand, D. G. (2024). Fact-checker warning labels are effective even for those who distrust fact-checkers. Nature Human Behaviour, 8(10), 1957-1967. link B Moderate
  25. Allcott, H., Braghieri, L., Eichmeyer, S., & Gentzkow, M. (2020). The welfare effects of social media. American Economic Review, 110(3), 629-676. link B Moderate: C for adolescents
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  29. Humlum, A., & Vestergaard, E. (2025). Still waters, rapid currents: Early labor market transformation under generative AI (NBER Working Paper No. 33777). National Bureau of Economic Research. link B Moderate
  30. Hyman, B. G., Kovak, B. K., & Leive, A. (2024). Wage insurance for displaced workers (NBER Working Paper No. 32464). National Bureau of Economic Research. link B Moderate
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  32. Noy, S., & Zhang, W. (2023). Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligence. Science, 381(6654), 187-192. link B Moderate: C for job outcomes
  33. Guerreiro, J., Rebelo, S., & Teles, P. (2022). Should robots be taxed? The Review of Economic Studies, 89(1), 279-311. link C Limited
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  35. Muralidharan, K., Singh, A., & Ganimian, A. J. (2019). Disrupting education? Experimental evidence on technology-aided instruction in India. American Economic Review, 109(4), 1426-1460. link B Moderate
Albert Einstein (7)
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  5. arXiv: Weinstein, Einstein's friends at the Patent Office H2 Institutional or reference
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Tu Youyou (1)
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Ignaz Semmelweis (5)
Ludwig van Beethoven (1)
Gregor Mendel (1)
Conditions for future pioneers (5)
  1. Wuchty, S., Jones, B. F., & Uzzi, B. (2007). The increasing dominance of teams in production of knowledge. Science, 316(5827), 1036-1039. DOI A Strong
  2. Jones, B. F. (2009). The burden of knowledge and the "death of the Renaissance man." Review of Economic Studies, 76(1), 283-317. B Moderate
  3. Azoulay, P., Graff Zivin, J. S., & Manso, G. (2011). Incentives and creativity: evidence from the academic life sciences. RAND Journal of Economics, 42(3), 527-554. Wiley C Limited: B for HHMI scientists
  4. Lubinski, D., & Benbow, C. P. (2006). Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth after 35 years. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(4), 316-345. DOI C Limited: for the claim that opportunities enhance talent, B for describing gifted students
  5. Moser, P., Voena, A., & Waldinger, F. (2014). German Jewish émigrés and US invention. American Economic Review, 104(10), 3222-3255. AEA C Limited: B for émigré chemistry fields
Sources used in the strength ratings (22)
  1. Klein, R. A., et al. (2014). Investigating variation in replicability: a "Many Labs" replication project. Social Psychology, 45(3), 142-152. Hogrefe A Strong
  2. Ruggeri, K., et al. (2020). Replicating patterns of prospect theory for decision under risk. Nature Human Behaviour, 4, 622-633. Nature A Strong
  3. Albouy, D. Y. (2012). The colonial origins of comparative development: Comment. American Economic Review, 102(6), 3059-3076. AEA B Moderate
  4. Crump, K. S., et al. (2013). A statistical reevaluation of the data used in the Lanphear et al. (2005) pooled-analysis. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 43(9), 785-799. GHDx B Moderate
  5. Davis, G. A. (2013). Replicating Sachs and Warner's working papers on the resource curse. Journal of Development Studies, 49(12), 1615-1630. DOI B Moderate
  6. Esser, J. K. (1998). Alive and well after 25 years: a review of groupthink research. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 73(2-3), 116-141. IDEAS B Moderate: provisional
  7. Franzen, A., & Mader, S. (2023). The power of social influence: a replication and extension of the Asch experiment. PLOS ONE, 18(11), e0294325. PLOS B Moderate
  8. Greener, I. (2025). Inequality and social harm: revisiting the Spirit Level debate by reproducing and updating it, as well as reanalysing the data with qualitative comparative analysis. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 66(1), 92-111. DOI B Moderate: provisional
  9. Juul, J. L., & Ugander, J. (2021). Comparing information diffusion mechanisms by matching on cascade size. PNAS, 118(46), e2100786118. DOI B Moderate
  10. Newell, R. G., Prest, B. C., & Sexton, S. E. (2021). The GDP-temperature relationship: implications for climate change damages. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 108, 102445. RFF working paper B Moderate
  11. Park, R. J., Behrer, A. P., & Goodman, J. (2021). Learning is inhibited by heat exposure, both internationally and within the United States. Nature Human Behaviour, 5, 19-27. Nature B Moderate
  12. Reuben, A., et al. (2016). Lest we forget: comparing retrospective and prospective assessments of adverse childhood experiences. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(10), 1103-1112. Duke Scholars B Moderate
  13. Sequeira, T. N., Garrido, S., & Santos, M. (2021). Robots are not always bad for employment and wages. International Economics, 167, 108-119. ScienceDirect B Moderate
  14. Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2011). Needs and subjective well-being around the world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 354-365. DOI B Moderate
  15. Wahba, M. A., & Bridwell, L. G. (1976). Maslow reconsidered. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 15(2), 212-240. B Moderate
  16. Heckman, J. J., & Karapakula, G. (2019). The Perry preschoolers at late midlife. NBER Working Paper 25888. NBER C Limited
  17. Heinesen, E., Imai, S., & Maruyama, S. (2015). In-utero social interaction of twins. HEDG Working Paper 15/18, University of York. York C Limited
  18. Luskova, M., et al. (2026). Publication bias and p-hacking in the effect of COVID-19 on learning. arXiv:2608.00580. arXiv C Limited
  19. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-396. C Limited: for the fixed hierarchy, B for needs mattering to wellbeing
  20. Brunnschweiler, C. N., & Bulte, E. H. (2008). The resource curse revisited and revised. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 55(3), 248-264. ScienceDirect D Contested
  21. McSweeney, B. (2002). Hofstede's model of national cultural differences and their consequences. Human Relations, 55, 89-118. Semantic Scholar
  22. Sleegers, W. W. A., et al. (2024). When replication fails: what to conclude and not to conclude? Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 7(4), 1-12. DOI